The concepts of procrastination and social loafing appear similar in various ways. For example, both concepts involve the expenditure of minimal amounts of energy toward task activities found across research populations and task settings (Ferrari, Johnson, & McCown, 1995; Karau & Williams, 1993). Similarly, both procrastination and social loafing relate to task aversiveness (Blunt & Pychyl, 2000)--"if I wait, perhaps I can avoid doing this unpleasant task." Both constructs may also be understood as a failure to voluntarily live up to commitments or duties to self (procrastination) or others (social loafing). However, there may be important differences between these concepts. Procrastination typically is defined as a voluntary delay of an individual's intended action toward some task despite foreseeable negative consequences and a potentially overall worse outcome (e.g., Ferrari, 2010; Ferrari et al., 1995; Milgram, 1991; Pychyl, 2010; Steel, 2007). Social loafing implies a reduction in effort within collective settings where individual performance is not identifiable (e.g., George, 1996; Latane, Williams, & Harkins, 1979). One implication of these definitions is that procrastination may have negative consequences for only the individual, while social loafing has adverse consequences for the group. From a personality and social-psychological research perspective, this individual versus group focus may be the reason that these behaviors have not been investigated together.
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